SECONDARY 4NA - 4C and 4D.2010
PASSAGE A
1. Bottled water is a drain on the environment: The U.S. public goes through about 50 billion water bottles a year, and most of those plastic containers are not recycled, according to Elizabeth Royte’s 2008 book, Bottlemania: How Water Went On Sale and Why We Bought It. Transporting the bottles and keeping them cold also burns fossil fuels, which give off greenhouse gases. And groundwater pumping by bottled-water companies draws heavily on underground aquifers and harms watersheds, according to the Sierra Club, an environmental non-profit organization.
2. Yet more than USD100 billion is spent every year on bottled water globally. In many developing countries where there is not a safe source of tap water, bottled water is the only option. But in the U.S., where tap water is federally regulated and often screened for dangerous pollulants, the public still drinks 21 gallons (79 litres) of bottled water per capita per year on average, according to the Columbia Water Centre at Columbia University’s Earth Institute in New York. The bottled-water industry is so successful, it has outpaced milk, coffee, and juice in number of gallons of drinks sold – putting it behind only beer and soda.
3. Though the sale and consumption of bottled water is still on the rise, certain policymakers and activists have taken steps to reduce it and encourage people to drink tap water. In September 2009, the Australian city of Bundanoon became the first city in the world to completely ban bottled water from its store’s shelves, installing water fountains instead. Among U.S. cities that have taken action are San Francisco and Seattle, which on longer buy water for city use, and Chicago, which added a five-cent tax on each bottle. Several restaurants in those cities have also given up bottled for filtered tap. Other cities are also considering taking action, especially aluminium and stainless steel varieties. Many reusable bottles are made of polycarbonate plastic, but those often contain bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical linked to reproductive problems and heart disease. In response, some polycarbonate-bottle makers have phased out BPA and advertise “BPA-free” products.
4. Not only does bottled water contribute to excessive waste, it costs us a thousand times more than water from our faucet at home, and it is likely no safer or cleaner, experts say. A 2008 investigation by the non-profit Environmental Working Group found some bottled water is sullied with untested industrial chemicals and may not necessarily be cleaner than tap water. Water aside, the plastic used in single-use bottles can pose more of a contamination threat than the water. However, when the bottles are reused, as they commonly are, they can leach chemicals such as DEHA, a possible human carcinogen, and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), a potential hormone disruptor. And because the plastic is porous, you will likely get a swill of harmful bacteria with each gulp if you reuse the bottles.
5. Another major problem with bottled water is that a traditionally public good has been privatized. Bottled water companies gain high profits by drawing water from public water sources, putting it in plastic containers, and reselling it at 2,900 times the price of regular tap water. Some experts argue that the profits from bottled water companies could go towards improving public water supplies and infrastructure – making better water for everyone.
PASSAGE B
1. Books are not Nadia Konyk’s thing. Her mother, hoping to entice her, brings them home from the library, but Nadia rarely shows an interest. Instead, like so many other teenagers, Nadia, 15, is addicted to the Internet. She regularly spends at least six hours a day in front of the computer here in this suburb southwest of Cleveland, America.
2. Children like Nadia lie at the heart of a passionate debate about just what it means to read in the digital age. Some argue that the hours spent prowling the Internet are the enemy of reading – diminishing literacy, wrecking attention spans and destroying a precious common culture that exists only through the reading of books. But others say the Internet has created a new kind of reading, one that schools and society should not discount. The Web inspires a teenager like Nadia, who might otherwise spend most of her leisure time watching television, to read and write. Some literacy experts say that spending time on the Web, whether it is looking up something on Google or even britneyspears.org, entails some engagement with text.
3. Clearly, reading in print and on the Internet are different. On paper, text has a predetermined beginning, middle and end, where readers focus for a sustained period on one author’s vision. On the Internet, readers skate through cyberspace at will and, in effect, compose their own beginnings, middles and ends. Some traditionalists warn that digital reading is the equivalent of taking in empty calories. Many youths also spend most of their time on the Internet playing games or sending instant messages, activities that involve minimal reading at best.
4. Some scientists also worry that the fractured experience typical of the Internet could rob developing readers of crucial skills. “Reading a book, and taking the time to think over and make inferences and engage the imaginational processing, is more enriching, without doubt, than the short little bits that you might get if you’re into the 30-second digital mode,” said Ken Pugh, a neuroscientist at Yale who has studied brain scans of children reading.
5. Web readers are persistently weak at judging whether information is trustworthy. In one study, Donald J. Leu, who researches literacy and technology at the University of Connecticut, asked 48 students to look at a spoof Web site about a mythical species known as the “Pacific Northwest tree octopus”. Nearly 90 percent of them missed the joke and deemed the site a reliable source. However, Web junkies can occasionally be swept up in a book. After Nadia read Elie Wiesel’s Holocaust memoir, “Night”, in her freshman English class, Ms. Konyk brought home another book, “Silverboy”, a fantasy novel, hoping to keep up the momentum. Nadia made it through one chapter before she got engrossed in the Internet fan fiction again.
Monday, July 26, 2010
Use words/terms/phrases/expressions 6
An aficionado is someone who is very interested or knowledgeable about a particular subject or activity.
Sample: She is an aficionado of fine food.
A connoisseur is someone who knows a lot about something such as art, food or music.
Sample: He is a connoiseur of fine dining.
http://www.dictionary.com/ provides another two definitions which are useful:
A connoisseur is...
1. a person who is especially competent to pass critical judgments in an art, particularly one of the fine arts, or in matters of taste: a connoisseur of modern art.
2. a discerning judge of the best in any field: a connoisseur of horses.
Sample: She is an aficionado of fine food.
An expert who knows what he is admiring.
Sample: He is a connoiseur of fine dining.
http://www.dictionary.com/ provides another two definitions which are useful:
A connoisseur is...
1. a person who is especially competent to pass critical judgments in an art, particularly one of the fine arts, or in matters of taste: a connoisseur of modern art.
2. a discerning judge of the best in any field: a connoisseur of horses.
Words which we should learn by heart because they are useful to us when we need to use them for SPECIFIC situations 5
1. "Autistic Spectrum Disorders" refers to "a range of developmental delays leading to physical problems that make thinking, speaking, hearing, writing, reading or moving difficult for affected persons".
Sunday, July 25, 2010
Words which we should learn by heart because they are useful to us when we need to use them for SPECIFIC situations 4
1. If you are somebody's "doppelganger", it simply means that you look exactly like somebody else.
Words which we should learn by heart because they are useful to us when we need to use them for SPECIFIC situations 3
1. "Vertigo" refers to "a feeling of sickness and dizziness caused by looking down from a high place".
Nekosan's comment - Some people say that "vertigo" refers to "a fear of height".
Nekosan's comment - Some people say that "vertigo" refers to "a fear of height".
Words which we should learn by heart because they are useful to us when we need to use them for SPECIFIC situations 2
1. "Verdigris" refers to "a greenish-blue substance that sometimes appears on copper or brass".
Nekosan's comment - Another useful word, don't you think? Verdigris is not rust. So it is better to learn the correct word to use to describe this chemical reaction.
Nekosan's comment - Another useful word, don't you think? Verdigris is not rust. So it is better to learn the correct word to use to describe this chemical reaction.
Words which we should learn by heart because they are useful to us when we need to use them for SPECIFIC situations 1
"Narcolepsy" refers to "a medical condition which causes someone to keep falling asleep suddenly, without being able to prevent this".
Nekosan's comment - A very useful word indeed. This can be used on students who fall asleep in class under whatever pretexts and excuses.
Another term is: "Global delaying". Anyone who is afflicted with it, falls asleep anywhere they go. Such people are called "global delayers".
This is highly applicable to people the likes of ....ha ha...you know who I'm referring to, don't you?
Nekosan's comment - A very useful word indeed. This can be used on students who fall asleep in class under whatever pretexts and excuses.
Another term is: "Global delaying". Anyone who is afflicted with it, falls asleep anywhere they go. Such people are called "global delayers".
This is highly applicable to people the likes of ....ha ha...you know who I'm referring to, don't you?
Saturday, July 24, 2010
SHSS PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2 - BEARS and SHARKS passage-2010 by Ms. Lim Soo Heng
Students were examined on 22 July 2010. This post was made on 26 July 2010.
Passage A
1. In China, 7000 captive bears in bear-bile farms supply the voracious Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) market. Bear bile has been used in TCM for thousands of years, but intensive bear farming only began in the 1980s when the supply of wild bears was depleted.
From Passage A:
From paragraph 1:
1. Write down the word from the paragraph which suggests that the bears are held against their will on bear-bile farms. [1 mark]
2. Usually bile is extracted from the bears’ gall bladders twice daily through a catheter, a surgically implanted tube. The process, called “milking”, is clearly painful for the bears, which are often seen moaning and chewing their paws during the process.
3. Sometimes the farmers just push a hollow steel stick through a bear’s abdomen and the bile runs into a basin under the cage. Surgery to insert the tube or stick is seldom performed by veterinarians (very few bear farms employ them). Roughly half of the bears die from infections or other complications.
From paragraph 3:
2. “Sometimes the farmers just push a hollow steel stick through a bear’s abdomen” (line 7). What does the word “just” suggest about the farmers’ attitude towards the bears? [1 mark]
4. The catheter was later banned. In recent years, the government has been promoting the so-called humane “free dripping” method, where a permanent hole carved into the bear’s abdomen and gall bladder. The damage caused by bile leaking back into the abdomen, together with infection from the permanently open hold is worse than the older style methods and causes high mortality on the farms. As the body’s natural instinct is to repair itself, farmers find it difficult keeping the hole in the abdomen open. This has led to the illegal use of the catheter.
From paragraph 4:
3. In your own words, why is a catheter still used to extract bile even though it is banned? [2 marks]
5. On most bear bile farms, the bears are housed in cages so small that these 110 to 260-pound animals can barely sit up or turn around. The bars pressing against their bodies leave scars, some as long as four feet. Some bears have head wounds from banging them against the bars. Many of the bears have broken and worn teeth from biting the bars.
From paragraph 5:
4. What are the bears trying to communicate when they band their heads against the bars of their cage and bite the bars? [1 mark]
6. Captive-bred cubs are taken from their mothers at three months as captive mothers often eat their young, a behaviour attributed to the stress of captivity. This seldom occurs in the wild as cubs typically stay with their mother for up to eighteen months. Milking of the gall bladder begins at three years. Some bears arriving at the Animals Asia Moon Bear Rescue Centre have been caged for twenty years or more, still producing bile at the time of their surrender. Once they stop producing bile, bears are either allowed to die from starvation or illness, or they are killed so that their paws and gall bladders can be sold.
7. Bear bile is touted to cure numerous human maladies, from cardiac illness to impotence to sore eyes. Available in various forms: pills and powders, ointments, lozenges, wines and shampoos, they can fetch several thousand US dollars. Some TCM practitioners, however, prefer cheaper and more readily available herbal and synthetic alternatives to bear bile.
8. Despite international laws protecting bears, the illegal trade in bear bile and gall bladder thrives. Smugglers have been caught with whole gall bladders dipped in chocolate or packed in coffee to obscure the smell. The differing international legal statuses for bear parts in trade, combined with the impossibility of distinguishing between species parts, also complicate national or international bear-protection law enforcement.
9. In July 2000, the Chinese government signed an agreement to deliver 500 bears to the Animals Asia Foundation, which provided them with veterinary care, rehabilitation, and sanctuary. Some criticize the agreement with Animals Asia as nothing more than a public relations manoeuvre, intended to mitigate the fact that the Chinese government is clearly committed to bear-bile farming. These critics argue that it is, in fact, pushing to legitimize the industry. They claim that the farms from which the bears would be taken are merely the worst of the hundreds operating in the country and the bears being surrendered to Animals Asia are old bears which are no longer profitable.
From paragraph 9
6(a) Explain the italicized word in the phrase “a public relations manoeuvre” (lines 40 – 41). [1 mark]
6(b) Why do critics feel that the Chinese government is insincere in its attempts to work with the Animals Asia Foundation? [2 marks]
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PASSAGE B
1. Sharks have an image problem. The serial-killer stare, the obscene grimace of warped teeth, the bloody feeding frenzies – it is no wonder they have been difficult to love as long as we have known them. And writers have not always helped their cause.
From paragraph 1:
7.Give two examples of sharks having “an image problem” (line 1). [2 marks]
8. What do you think the statement “And writers have not always helped their cause”(line 3) mean? [1 mark]
2. At Tiger Beach in the Bahamas, a dozen of tiger sharks circle, not vulture-like, but more like a mobile above a child’s bed. After the great white, this species is allegedly the world’s most dangerous shark. It eats everything – other sharks, license plates, tyres. The big female that breaks formation and heads my way passes so closely I can see the pores that pepper her snout and enable her to sense the electro-magnetic energy of living flesh. As she slides by, huge and silent, I run a hand over her side. Her movements stay steady and calm as she rejoins the circling sharks. For a fish with a vicious reputation, this one makes a disarming first impression.
From paragraph 2:
9. Explain fully why the tiger sharks are described as circling “not vulture-like, but more like a mobile above a child’s bed” (line 4-5).
3. Bimini, a tiny secluded lagoon in the strand of Bahamian islands, is a natural shark nursery with windowpane waters. Samuel “Doc” Gruber, a biologist, who runs a shark research station nearby laments that it is difficult to win public support and dollars for shark research and conservation. Gruber’s lab on South Bimini is clearly a duct-tape-and-string operation. Torn fishnets festoon the yard. The lab’s donated truck, when it runs, fills quickly with noxious exhaust ( a passenger needing air has to ride holding the door ajar). Volunteers who do most of the grunt work share a double-wide mobile home painted in loud colours and the food is off-brand. The mostly twenty-somethings look sleep-deprived and hungry, but they still eagerly line up to do hands-on research in a place where sharks still thrive.
From paragraph 3:
10(a) Why are the waters of Bimini in the Bahamian islands described as “windowpane waters” (line 13)? [1 mark]
10(b) In your own words, give two reasons to explain why the conservationists run on a “duct-tape-and-string operation” (line 15)? [2 marks]
4. The “shark geeks” spend long nights working by moon and flashlight in open stretches of Bimini’s North Sound, wading along a lattice of nets, carefully untangling captured lemon sharks and rushing them to a pen to be studied and later released. Nearly every pup that moves through the sound is caught this way. Each is weighed, measured, tagged, and its dorsal fin snipped for DNA studies to help the researchers build a lemon shark family tree.
5. Gruber has been studying Bimini’s lemon sharks for some 25 years, amassing a detailed database that is the largest for any shark population anywhere on Earth. Along with numerous other studies, Gruber’s findings on how sharks affect their environment and what they need from it confirm the life-giving nature of the mangroves. This is why the biologist is fighting mad about a contentious and outsized resort elbowing its way onto tiny North Bimini Island. Condos, a marina and a casino are already under way, and plans call for a waterside golf course. Local Bahamians are worried about their shrinking access to fishing grounds as the seafloor is dredged, but Gruber has his own concern. “The mangroves will all be wiped out if the developers have their own way,” he says.
6. The shark’s ecological value is seen in how they weed out the sick and weak fish, leaving the fittest to breed. As top predators, they also keep other carnivores in check, preventing them from depleting the algae-eating fish that keep coral reefs healthy.
7. It is a great and sad irony that over much of the world, sharks are prized foremost for their nearly tasteless cartilage ribbons of their fins which are the costly key ingredient in shark-fin soup. As many as 73 million sharks die annually. The trade is illegal and cruelly wasteful – finners often slice off the fins and throw the sharks back to starve, drown, or be eaten alive – but continues to grow.
From paragraph 7:
11. Explain the “irony” (line 38) that the writer is referring to. [2 marks]
From Passage A and Passage B:
12. For each of the following words, give one word or phrase (of NOT MORE THAN SEVEN WORDS) which has the same meaning as the word has in the passage.
FROM PASSAGE A:
1. voracious (line 1)
2. touted (line 29)
FROM PASSAGE B:
3. frenzies (line 2)
4. disarming (line 10)
5. festoon (line 16)
From Passage B:
13. Using your own words as far as possible, summarise the work done on sharks at Gruber's research centre and how man's selfish actions can destroy sharks and their environment.
USE THE MATERIAL IN PASSAGE B FROM PARAGRAPHS 3 - 7.
Your summary, which must be in continuous writing (NOT NOTE FORM), must not be longer than 150 words (not counting the words given to help you begin).
Begin your summary as follows: Gruber and his team of volunteers at his research centre...
Passage A
1. In China, 7000 captive bears in bear-bile farms supply the voracious Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) market. Bear bile has been used in TCM for thousands of years, but intensive bear farming only began in the 1980s when the supply of wild bears was depleted.
From Passage A:
From paragraph 1:
1. Write down the word from the paragraph which suggests that the bears are held against their will on bear-bile farms. [1 mark]
Extracted bear bile through the catheter
the catheter through the bear's skin and flesh
Animals Asia Moon Bear Rescue Centre in China - Another caged bear rescued.
2. Usually bile is extracted from the bears’ gall bladders twice daily through a catheter, a surgically implanted tube. The process, called “milking”, is clearly painful for the bears, which are often seen moaning and chewing their paws during the process.
3. Sometimes the farmers just push a hollow steel stick through a bear’s abdomen and the bile runs into a basin under the cage. Surgery to insert the tube or stick is seldom performed by veterinarians (very few bear farms employ them). Roughly half of the bears die from infections or other complications.
From paragraph 3:
2. “Sometimes the farmers just push a hollow steel stick through a bear’s abdomen” (line 7). What does the word “just” suggest about the farmers’ attitude towards the bears? [1 mark]
4. The catheter was later banned. In recent years, the government has been promoting the so-called humane “free dripping” method, where a permanent hole carved into the bear’s abdomen and gall bladder. The damage caused by bile leaking back into the abdomen, together with infection from the permanently open hold is worse than the older style methods and causes high mortality on the farms. As the body’s natural instinct is to repair itself, farmers find it difficult keeping the hole in the abdomen open. This has led to the illegal use of the catheter.
From paragraph 4:
3. In your own words, why is a catheter still used to extract bile even though it is banned? [2 marks]
5. On most bear bile farms, the bears are housed in cages so small that these 110 to 260-pound animals can barely sit up or turn around. The bars pressing against their bodies leave scars, some as long as four feet. Some bears have head wounds from banging them against the bars. Many of the bears have broken and worn teeth from biting the bars.
From paragraph 5:
4. What are the bears trying to communicate when they band their heads against the bars of their cage and bite the bars? [1 mark]
6. Captive-bred cubs are taken from their mothers at three months as captive mothers often eat their young, a behaviour attributed to the stress of captivity. This seldom occurs in the wild as cubs typically stay with their mother for up to eighteen months. Milking of the gall bladder begins at three years. Some bears arriving at the Animals Asia Moon Bear Rescue Centre have been caged for twenty years or more, still producing bile at the time of their surrender. Once they stop producing bile, bears are either allowed to die from starvation or illness, or they are killed so that their paws and gall bladders can be sold.
7. Bear bile is touted to cure numerous human maladies, from cardiac illness to impotence to sore eyes. Available in various forms: pills and powders, ointments, lozenges, wines and shampoos, they can fetch several thousand US dollars. Some TCM practitioners, however, prefer cheaper and more readily available herbal and synthetic alternatives to bear bile.
8. Despite international laws protecting bears, the illegal trade in bear bile and gall bladder thrives. Smugglers have been caught with whole gall bladders dipped in chocolate or packed in coffee to obscure the smell. The differing international legal statuses for bear parts in trade, combined with the impossibility of distinguishing between species parts, also complicate national or international bear-protection law enforcement.
9. In July 2000, the Chinese government signed an agreement to deliver 500 bears to the Animals Asia Foundation, which provided them with veterinary care, rehabilitation, and sanctuary. Some criticize the agreement with Animals Asia as nothing more than a public relations manoeuvre, intended to mitigate the fact that the Chinese government is clearly committed to bear-bile farming. These critics argue that it is, in fact, pushing to legitimize the industry. They claim that the farms from which the bears would be taken are merely the worst of the hundreds operating in the country and the bears being surrendered to Animals Asia are old bears which are no longer profitable.
From paragraph 9
6(a) Explain the italicized word in the phrase “a public relations manoeuvre” (lines 40 – 41). [1 mark]
6(b) Why do critics feel that the Chinese government is insincere in its attempts to work with the Animals Asia Foundation? [2 marks]
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***************************************************************
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PASSAGE B
1. Sharks have an image problem. The serial-killer stare, the obscene grimace of warped teeth, the bloody feeding frenzies – it is no wonder they have been difficult to love as long as we have known them. And writers have not always helped their cause.
From paragraph 1:
7.Give two examples of sharks having “an image problem” (line 1). [2 marks]
8. What do you think the statement “And writers have not always helped their cause”(line 3) mean? [1 mark]
2. At Tiger Beach in the Bahamas, a dozen of tiger sharks circle, not vulture-like, but more like a mobile above a child’s bed. After the great white, this species is allegedly the world’s most dangerous shark. It eats everything – other sharks, license plates, tyres. The big female that breaks formation and heads my way passes so closely I can see the pores that pepper her snout and enable her to sense the electro-magnetic energy of living flesh. As she slides by, huge and silent, I run a hand over her side. Her movements stay steady and calm as she rejoins the circling sharks. For a fish with a vicious reputation, this one makes a disarming first impression.
From paragraph 2:
9. Explain fully why the tiger sharks are described as circling “not vulture-like, but more like a mobile above a child’s bed” (line 4-5).
3. Bimini, a tiny secluded lagoon in the strand of Bahamian islands, is a natural shark nursery with windowpane waters. Samuel “Doc” Gruber, a biologist, who runs a shark research station nearby laments that it is difficult to win public support and dollars for shark research and conservation. Gruber’s lab on South Bimini is clearly a duct-tape-and-string operation. Torn fishnets festoon the yard. The lab’s donated truck, when it runs, fills quickly with noxious exhaust ( a passenger needing air has to ride holding the door ajar). Volunteers who do most of the grunt work share a double-wide mobile home painted in loud colours and the food is off-brand. The mostly twenty-somethings look sleep-deprived and hungry, but they still eagerly line up to do hands-on research in a place where sharks still thrive.
From paragraph 3:
10(a) Why are the waters of Bimini in the Bahamian islands described as “windowpane waters” (line 13)? [1 mark]
10(b) In your own words, give two reasons to explain why the conservationists run on a “duct-tape-and-string operation” (line 15)? [2 marks]
4. The “shark geeks” spend long nights working by moon and flashlight in open stretches of Bimini’s North Sound, wading along a lattice of nets, carefully untangling captured lemon sharks and rushing them to a pen to be studied and later released. Nearly every pup that moves through the sound is caught this way. Each is weighed, measured, tagged, and its dorsal fin snipped for DNA studies to help the researchers build a lemon shark family tree.
5. Gruber has been studying Bimini’s lemon sharks for some 25 years, amassing a detailed database that is the largest for any shark population anywhere on Earth. Along with numerous other studies, Gruber’s findings on how sharks affect their environment and what they need from it confirm the life-giving nature of the mangroves. This is why the biologist is fighting mad about a contentious and outsized resort elbowing its way onto tiny North Bimini Island. Condos, a marina and a casino are already under way, and plans call for a waterside golf course. Local Bahamians are worried about their shrinking access to fishing grounds as the seafloor is dredged, but Gruber has his own concern. “The mangroves will all be wiped out if the developers have their own way,” he says.
6. The shark’s ecological value is seen in how they weed out the sick and weak fish, leaving the fittest to breed. As top predators, they also keep other carnivores in check, preventing them from depleting the algae-eating fish that keep coral reefs healthy.
7. It is a great and sad irony that over much of the world, sharks are prized foremost for their nearly tasteless cartilage ribbons of their fins which are the costly key ingredient in shark-fin soup. As many as 73 million sharks die annually. The trade is illegal and cruelly wasteful – finners often slice off the fins and throw the sharks back to starve, drown, or be eaten alive – but continues to grow.
From paragraph 7:
11. Explain the “irony” (line 38) that the writer is referring to. [2 marks]
From Passage A and Passage B:
12. For each of the following words, give one word or phrase (of NOT MORE THAN SEVEN WORDS) which has the same meaning as the word has in the passage.
FROM PASSAGE A:
1. voracious (line 1)
2. touted (line 29)
FROM PASSAGE B:
3. frenzies (line 2)
4. disarming (line 10)
5. festoon (line 16)
From Passage B:
13. Using your own words as far as possible, summarise the work done on sharks at Gruber's research centre and how man's selfish actions can destroy sharks and their environment.
USE THE MATERIAL IN PASSAGE B FROM PARAGRAPHS 3 - 7.
Your summary, which must be in continuous writing (NOT NOTE FORM), must not be longer than 150 words (not counting the words given to help you begin).
Begin your summary as follows: Gruber and his team of volunteers at his research centre...
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